Monday, December 30, 2019

Swot Analysis-Saocony - 745 Words

SWOT Analysis As stated in our situation analysis over the past decade the United States has become more and more infatuated with being in shape. A healthier America provides means for our agency with a great opportunity to create a new running shoe that will provide comfort and functionality to the masses that are hitting the road at an increasing rate. Of the four majoring companies that lead the market in running shoes which are Nike, Adidas, Reebok and Saucony; we decided to go with Saocony. Due to the merger of Reebok and Adidas to form the Adidas Group, Saucony truly needed a new product to grab a piece of the $ 5 billion running market. Our Product like the Nike Plus, the sole will be prefitted with a cavity that will house†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Maintenance may cause problems in the future; replacing the minicomputer, the GPS system, the flexion plates, and other various devices. †¢ Another weakness of the shoe would be the weight and size of the shoe. Runners don’t want to be boggled down; they want to feel light and free. Strengths †¢ The targeting markets are limitless; we could target generation X, generation Y, and even the Baby Boomers. †¢ The installation of a mini computer to keep track of the time and distance your running. You can log on to the Saucony website and track your mileage and duration. †¢ The installation of a small GPS system to keep track of kids and older family members. †¢ The health orientation for people with walking difficulties. The forefoot plate allows you to propel forward as efficiently as possible while maximum cushioning with minimum deflection allowing the user to run longer and faster. It also has TPU plates to help transition you quickly and efficiently from heel to forefoot †¢ Most importantly the new shoe by Saucony will be cheaper than the competitions new shoe; the Nike Plus is priced at $129.99 and the new Adidas 1 running shoe is priced at $150.00. B. Opportunities and Threats The Sporting Goods Manufacturers Association (SGMA-2) reports a 5.8% increase in the industry for 2006 as defined by manufacturers sales in the U.S. of $65.3 billion. This percentage growth compares favorably to the gross domestic product

Sunday, December 22, 2019

The Case Of Pope V. Illinois - 1301 Words

On July 21, 1983 local police detectives in Rockford, Illinois entered two different local book stores and purchased six magazines. Soon after exiting the store, police separately arrested clerks Richard Pope and Charles Morrison. Both men were charged and convicted for selling obscene materials, in accordance with an Illinois statute. On appeal, both petitioners argued that the Illinois statute was unconstitutional to both the first and Fourteenth Amendments. They reasoned that the state was required to make the value determination by an objective standard rather than community standard in conformance with the Miller decision, and the juries in this case had been instructed to judge whether the material had value as viewed by ordinary adults in the state of Illinois. The Appellate Court rejected the both petitioners’ arguments and the Illinois Supreme court denied requests for further review, but the United States Supreme Court granted certiorari and merged both cases for ree xamination. The case, Pope v. Illinois, was argued on February 24, 1987. Glenn A. Stanko represented the petitioners whose argument was: The Illinois Obscenity Statute violated the First and Fourteenth Amendments by allowing the value element to be determined by community standards and instructing the jury to do so. Therefore, the convictions against petitioners must be reversed because the statute is invalid. Glenn Stanko made it clear that the petitioners did not argue whether the materials wereShow MoreRelatedGreene Jewelry Wholesale Is Under A Complaint1677 Words   |  7 Pagesthis claim is that they require executives to sign this document. The provisions listed in this agreement can help support Greens’ compliant against Lawson as well as any future complaints against whomever she shared the information with. Client’s Case Facts and Law Greene Jewelry Wholesale, LLC has a warehouse and two storefronts in Derry, New Hampshire. Which consist varies departments such as sales and marketing, research and development and, human resources and manufacturing. Upon employmentRead MoreEssay on Death Penalty - Herrera vs Collins1337 Words   |  6 Pages- Herrera vs Collins The Supreme Court addressed the constitutionality of executing someone who claimed actual innocence in Herrera v. Collins (506 U.S. 390 (1993)). Although the Court left open the possibility that the Constitution bars the execution of someone who conclusively demonstrates that he or she is actually innocent, the Court noted that such cases would be very rare. The Court held that, in the absence of other constitutional violations, new evidence of innocence is no reason for federalRead MoreRepressed Memories5487 Words   |  22 Pagesline with harsh criticism against psychoanalysis in general, numerous investigators question the validity of repression, claiming that it needs to be abandoned (Bonanno and Keuler, 1998; Court and Court, 2001; Pendergrast, 1997; Piper, Pope, and Borowiecki, 2000; Pope, Oliva, and Hudson, 1999). On the other hand, psychoanalysis continues to be one of the central theories of psychopathology, and many investigators believe that repression is a valid concept (Bowers and Farvolden, 1996; Brown, ScheflinRead MoreDeath Penalty2057 Words   |  9 Pagesthe death penalty at only 42% June 1972 Furman v. Georgia. Supreme Court effectively voids 40 death penalty statuses and suspends the death penalty 1976- Gregg V. Georgia Guided discretion statutes approved. Death Penalty reinstated January 17,1977 ten year moratorium on execution ends with the execution of Gary Gilmore by firing squad in Utah 1977 Oklahoma becomes the first state to adopt lethal injection as a means of execution 1977 Coker V Georgia held death penalty is an unconstitutionalRead MoreSame Sex Marriage: a Conflict of Views2256 Words   |  10 PagesAlthough no Catholic churches actually do this, it teaches impressionable minds that being gay and wanting to marry in wrong to a degree of almost criminal. The Pope who is the head figure of the church gives speeches that still say that being gay is an abomination and that they should not be allowed to marry. In a speech given about family values Pope Benedict XVI stated that â€Å"gays are eschewing their God-given gender identities to suit their sexual choices – and destroying the very essence of the humanRead More The History and Public Opinion of Capital Punishment Essay4449 Words   |  18 PagesThe history of the death penalty goes back to the earliest civilizations where it was used to punish all sorts of crimes from robbery, to murder, to different forms of heresy. In the United States it evolved to just punish murder, treason, and some cases of rape. It has been an issue that has sparked a never ending debate that goes back to colonial times. The general public traditionally supported the death penalty in a majority with only a few politicians speaking out against it (i.e., Benjamin RushRead MoreFederal Tax Exempt Charitable Or Educational Purposes1794 Words   |  8 PagesI. Introduction In April 2008, Vermont was the first states that enacted a law allowing for the formation of low-profit limited liability companies. As of July, similar legislation has been adopted in Illinois, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Michigan, North Carolina, North Dakota, Rhode Island, Utah, Vermont, and Wyoming and the federal jurisdictions of the Crow Indian Nation of Montana and the Oglala Sioux Tribe. Additionally, legislation has been written in California, Florida, Iowa, Minnesota, NebraskaRead More The Removal of Prayer from Public Schools Essay4217 Words   |  17 PagesSpiritual Training in the Schools. In 1962, the United States Supreme Court was called upon to interpret the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution citing the Regent’s Prayer in violation (Engel v. Vitale). In a 6 to 1 decision (with 2 remaining neutral) the Supreme Court decided that the Regent’s Prayer, which was to be said aloud by each student in the presence of a teacher at the beginning of each school day, was unconstitutional: â€Å"AlmightyRead MoreMinimum Wage And The National Industrial Recovery Act2758 Words   |  12 Pagesprofessor and Adolf Berle, a Colombia Law professor joined the group. Other than Rosenman and O’Connor, PhD holders made up the original group, but the group began to add non-PhD holders after the Democratic National Convention held in Chicago, Illinois. These included former Brigadier General Hugh Johnson, Senator James F. Byrnes of South Carolina, and Senator Key Pittman of Nevada. The last member of the fir st brain trust was Charles Tausig, the president of the American Molasses Company. ThisRead MoreLindbergh Baby Kidnapping Essay3693 Words   |  15 Pageseighteen he attended the University of Wisconsin and then dropped out at the age of twenty to go to flying school. Seven months of flying school got him his pilots license. He started out flying mail routes from Saint Louis, Missouri to Chicago, Illinois. At the age of twenty five Charles Lindbergh attempted to make the first cross Atlantic flight. He left Long Island, New York on May 20, 1927 and in thirty three hours and twenty nine minutes later Charles Lindberg circled the Eiffel Tower in Paris

Saturday, December 14, 2019

Womens Rights After the American Revolution Free Essays

Nadine Elsigai APUSH Ms. Shalimar November 10, 2012 FRQ The American revolution set the wheels into motion for the Women’s Rights movement, it helped shaped the lives of even today’s women. Between 1790 and 1860 the roles of women dramatically changed politically and socially, it brought on a new era for women creating a more empowered sense of womanhood opening up job opportunities and giving women a chance at equality. We will write a custom essay sample on Womens Rights After the American Revolution or any similar topic only for you Order Now With the American revolution came an entirely new perspective of female ability. A entire political world was opened up to the female population education became more common for the group of white middle class women. Changing dramatically form being souly educated for religious purposes, the demand for education for women increased it was a battle very quickly won and women slowly became more well-rounded and knowledgeable. Although women’s legal rights were still little it was becoming more evident that they were capable of more than what was previously believed. Many new arguments arose questioning how a women trusted with the duty of shaping the future generation was ‘small minded’. Women themselves were realizing their own abilities. During the revolution they helped as much as they could using their needlework to pay off war debts, this boosted the women’s confidence many were expecting better occupations as well as voting rights. These events all led to the women’s awakening and prompted them to fight for their rights. The revolution also prompted many social changes for women. The acts women accomplished during the revolution opened the eyes of many dramatically changing the role of women within society as a whole. Following the American revolution women went from begin the slaves of their household to becoming a more valued role within society. Women were slowly shedding the weak frail image of themselves and welcomed new responsibilities with opened arms. How to cite Womens Rights After the American Revolution, Papers

Friday, December 6, 2019

Premature Rupture of Membranes free essay sample

When the fluid is lost the cord and fetus can be compressed causing decelerations in which the baby must be removed from the womb. For example, last week in clinical there was a 33 gestational week mother with PPROM who was a smoker and tested positive for opioids. The fetal monitor the night before had indicated decelerations throughout the night, one even lasting nearly 8 minutes. The nurse I was assigned to said that she did not realize how close to delivery she was. If a deceleration cannot be brought up in 10 minutes, they are on their way to the OR to deliver! . As discussed in the article, infection is also a major problem with PPROM. The amniotic fluid creates a seal of sorts that is to protect the mother and infant from infection and other harmful things that could enter into the environment of the growing fetus. Once this is lost, infection is easily contracted. We will write a custom essay sample on Premature Rupture of Membranes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Usually infections associated with PPROM are bacterial. According to the article, these types of infections cause a string of effects that virtually throw the mother into premature labor. Because of the infection, prostaglandins are released. These then cause uterine contractions. However, the metalloproteases that are also released cause the cervix to soften and relax. This is the cause of the membrane rupture according to the article. Race is also thought to play a role in the risk of PPROM. It says that black and Hispanic women are at a higher risk in comparison to white women [for PPROM]. Diagnostic procedures can also cause PPROM. These include carclage and amniocenteses. Because these procedures compromise the integrity of the amniotic sac; the risk for PPROM is increased greatly along with the risk for infection. Management of the PPROM patient depends on gestational age and severity of luid loss. It could be treatment such as medications or it could go as far as full bed rest until delivery. According to the article, 34 weeks ot gestation witn no other complications will often lead to antibiotics and corticosteroids to prolong the pregnancy and decrease the risk for infections. However, in some of the extreme cases that were seen, bed rest or delivery of fetus was seen. In clinical, one of the patients seen was on bed rest until delivery and constant fetal monitoring. In conclusion, infection tends to be the most common effect of PPROM. Smoking nd drug use are viewed as the most common causing risk factors, and fetal complications can range from poor formation of lungs and other physical features, low birth weight, to even fetal death. It is important to educate newly pregnant mothers on risk factors of PPROM, the effects that could occur with PPROM, and educate them on what they can do to prevent this from happening during their pregnancy.

Friday, November 29, 2019

Harriet Tubman Fight for Freedom free essay sample

A strong and powerful lady said these wise words: â€Å"There was one of two things I had a right to, liberty or death; if I could not have one, I would have the other; for no man should take me alive; I should fight for my liberty as long as my strength lasted, and when the time came for me to go, the Lord would let them take me†. The brave women who said these words were Harriet Tubman and she was one of the leaders of the Underground Railroad that helped slaves reach freedom. Although not an actual railroad of steel rails, locomotives and steam engines, the Underground Railroad was real nevertheless† (encyclopedia The Civil War and African Americans 329) The term â€Å"Underground Railroad† referred to the network of safe houses, transportation and the many very kind hearted people who risked their own lives to help the slaves escape from the Southern States to freedom. We will write a custom essay sample on Harriet Tubman Fight for Freedom or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Many different kinds of transportation were actually used. Sometimes the slaves would travel by foot or they could be hidden on boats, or hide in wagons or carts carrying vegetables or other goods The runaway slaves became known as â€Å"passengers†, and the route traveled was the â€Å"line† while people who helped out along the way were called the â€Å"agents†. Leaders like Harriet Tubman who would travel with the slaves that were escaping, were called â€Å"conductors†. Araminta Ross later known as Harriet Tubman was born a slave. Since her master needed money, he would rent her out to work for different masters doing housekeeping and childcare but Harriet was not good at this type of work and so she was often beaten and sent back to her original master. She eventually was made to work as a slave in the fields with her father. One day, while Harriet was working, a slave who was trying to escape ran past her. The slave’s master was running after him â€Å"Araminta (Harriet Tubman) was told to hold the slave that had tried to escape while the owner whipped him. She refused and tried to help the slave escape instead† (Journey to Freedom 13) She did this by getting in the way of the master who was running after the slave. This is how Harriet Tubman even as a child, helped a slave reach freedom and it was a big part of what inspired her to gain her own freedom and want to help other slaves escape. Even though Harriet Tubman was never taught to read or write she was very strong willed, religious and smart and she believed that people had the right to be free and did not think it was right to beat people just because they did not have white skin. Harriet was determined to be free and help others, â€Å"she would become a beacon of hope to other slaves, â€Å"Moses† helping to set her people free†. (Harriet Tubman Moses of the Underground Railroad 23) Araminta married a white man named Richard Tubman when she was in her twenties. She still worked as a slave for her master but at night she was allowed to stay with her husband. She tried to talk to her husband about escaping but he just got mad and said that he would turn her in, so without Harriet telling him, she and three of her brothers decided to escape. Her brothers became scared and turned back but Harriet made it to Philadelphia. When Harriet Tubman arrived in Philadelphia she later remembered feeling that â€Å"I had crossed the line of which I had so long been dreaming. I was free. She said she felt as if she were in heaven. † (Harriet Tubman Moses of the Underground Railroad 35) She got a job in Philadelphia and saved as much money as she could so that she could help other slaves to escape. Harriet Tubman became active with the â€Å"Philadelphia Vigilance Committee†. This was a group that provided one of the stations of the Underground Railroad that helped runaway slaves. She was very anxious to become involved. Her first trip to rescue slaves was a trip to bring her sister and family to freedom. Harriet was an excellent planner and thought out every detail. She arranged for her brother-in-law to pose as an agent for a master and pretend that his master wanted to see the slaves before purchasing. The plan worked and Harriett’s sister, husband and family were able to calmly walk away without anyone suspecting that they were going to escape. Harriet had many helpers or â€Å"agents† helping her. She used signals to let others know when it was safe to go from one place to another. Harriet’s sister and her family were able to crawl on a wagon that was carrying vegetables and make it all the way to Baltimore. Harriet met them in Baltimore and got them safely to Philadelphia by planning the entire route and hiring the necessary transportation and agents to help. Harriett Tubman was herself a fugitive and could have been caught anytime but he was brave and believed that she â€Å"heard the voice of god† and that He was telling her what to do to help the slaves escape. On another of her trips south to help free slaves, she sent a message to her husband asking him to join her in the North but she found out that he had married someone else. This made Harriett even more determined. She returned to the South nineteen times. The slaves would know who she was because of the song she would sing. â€Å"Dark and thorny is the pathway, Where the pilgrim makes his ways; But beyond this vale of sorrow, Lie the fields of endless days. (The Underground Railroad in American History 65) Each time she came back she would bring a group of 4 to 5 slaves with her. She was personally responsible for bringing over 70 slaves to freedom, and is given credit for helping many more. It was never an easy trip. Even though there were, at times, safe places to stay along the way, most of the journey was done by foot and at night. Sometimes when they were traveling at night it would be so dark that the only way they could tell which direction they were going was to try to feel the moss on the trees since the moss grew thicker on the North side. She would always leave on a Saturday night because on Sunday’s the slaves did not have to work and they would not be missed until Monday. Many times the slaves that came with her would become weak and scared and want to return, but she would not allow this because if one of them talked, then everyone who was set to help them now or in the future would be at risk. â€Å"The whole network of safe houses, agents and white and black allies who made the Railroad possible would be put in danger†. Harriet Tubman Moses of the Underground Railroad 59) At one point, one of the slaves traveling with her became scared, Harriet always traveled with a gun and she took out her gun and said â€Å"do you think I would let so many die just for one coward man? † Harriett Tubman Moses of the Underground Railroad 59) She became very well known and even had a reward of $40,000 for her capture. In 1850 it became even more dangerous for slaves escaping to the North because of the Compromise of 1850 â€Å"It required citizens to assist in the recovery of fugitive slaves†. There were posters that gave the names of slaves and stated â€Å"You’ve crossed the treacherous border states and, sor far, eluded slave catchers. But you can feel their breath, and as you cross into New England, you’ve heard tell of a law giving anyone with a badge not just the power but the obligation to arrest you. † (The Boston Globe, Sepember 26, 2010) Because of this, Canada was becoming the safest place for escaping slaves. Canada was governed by the British who had passed the â€Å"Abolition of Slavery Act† in 1834. In Canada â€Å"Emancipation was not only a word in the dictionary but an action to liberate one’s destiny. Harriet Tubman now helped slaves escape all the way to Canada because even slaves that had escaped to states in the North were not safe and could be sent back. During one of her journeys to Canada she was helping a group of slaves going from Philadelphia to Canada, the slaves were sure they were going to be caught and sent back but Harriett helped them take a train over a bridge that went to Canada and when they arrived in Canada â€Å"Tubman ran to one of the doubting slaves and said â€Å"You shook the lion’s paw, Joe. You’re free† Harriet not only had to overcome the slave states in the South, but the efforts of the Southern States to get their slaves back. The Dred Scott case before the Supreme Court in 1857 made her efforts to keep slaves free in the North more difficult. It ruled that Black’s had no rights and could be kept as slaves. â€Å"Abraham Lincoln opposed this decision and in his campaign speeches for the presidency he said the Supreme Court should not have denied equal rights to African Americans†. (Journey to Freedom 25) It was not until the end of the Civil war that the Blacks were freed. During the civil War Harriet aided the Union Army she helped set up field hospitals and formed a group of African American Scouts on a raid that freed 700 slaves. Using her skills from the Underground Railroad, she let them through the woods behind enemy lines (Journey to Freedom 26) after the war she continued helping the freed slaves to survive by buying food and get educated by fundraising for a school. Harriett Tubman truly was the â€Å"Moses† for her people helping lead them out of slavery. Harriett Tubman lived a long life dying in 1913 at the age of 93.

Monday, November 25, 2019

Edward sciccorhands review Essay Example

Edward sciccorhands review Essay Example Edward sciccorhands review Essay Edward sciccorhands review Essay Essay Topic: Batman Yet again Tim Burton has brought a masterpiece to our screens, this is indefinitely his best work following fankenwenie (1984), and batman (1989). Its the story of a shy lonely man (Johnny Depp) who finds friends, a lover, and then rejection in the heart of suburbia. Like the best fairytales, the story can be read many ways.  Scissorhands is arguably Burtons most personal film, a moving portrait of an imaginative outsider who cannot touch what he desires without harming or damaging it.  Tim has brought a great supply of cinematography once again, especially when he pans across the family and introduces them at the same time by doing this. While hearing slow and classical music to represent the difference in feeling from confused to happy and admiration. Burton mixes classic fairytale themes to create an original and touching character in Edward. Taken from his gothic castle to a colourful and romanticized suburban neighborhood he changes the lives of the towns people forever. The first half of the film is very funny, full of subtle physical comedy and gentle satire on suburban life. Edward brings his artistic skill to the town and the people almost ignore his creepy, weird and disturbed appearance. Then he begins a longing romance for Kim (Wynona Ryder), the girl he shares a house with but who seems to want nothing to do with him. He eventually wins her love, but is exploited by and then violently rejected by the towns people. The film is made with a skill far exceeding all of Burtons previous works of art. The unforgettable images make this a film to remember. Every performance is amazing. Johnny Depp brings a feeling of scared emotion to his almost silent character that lingers long in the memory. I almost forgot who was playing the part. Dianne Wiest and Alan Arkin are, respectively, touchingly real and hilariously blank as the parents who adopt him. Winona Ryder brings warmth and beauty to her supporting role as the object of Edwards affectations, who comes to love him for his artistic vision. Anthony Michael Hall is suitably menacing as the jealous jock that eventually gets his what he is deserved, and Kathy Baker funny as the sex-starved, Tom Jones-listening housewife. Finally, Vincent Price, in his last feature film role, brings extra resonance as Edwards inventor.  Some people criticize the plot holes such as where did he get the ice? They are missing the point, as this fairytale bears no relation to the real world, except in its themes. You have to suspend your disbelief. Edward is the most normal person in the movie and it is the twisted towns people who are the real monsters, resulting in his loss of innocence. Edward represents, among other things: a childlike imagination; the unconditional love of an animal; someone who longs for love and close affection. The famously beautiful scene where Edward makes an ice-sculpture as Kim dances in the snow is the ultimate representation of the artist communicating his feelings through his work. This film is almost perfect in its own way, even with the unfortunately sad ending.  To sum up, I believe Burton will never make anything near the depth and emotion of this amazing film again. Its funny, sad at times and visually striking. This was an outstanding movie in everyway.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Technological Advances In Video Games Research Paper

Technological Advances In Video Games - Research Paper Example 2000s – A virtual universe F. Future technological developments of the video game industry G. Conclusion Technological Advances in Video Games Through the Years The video game industry has evolved into what it is now through the advancement in technological developments. This essay aims to present the technological advances that the video game has undergone spanning more than 50 years of constant innovations. A. The early beginnings (1947 to 1960s) In January 1947, a patent was filed by Thomas T. Goldsmith Junior and Estle Ray Mann for the first electronic video game, the Cathode-Ray Tube Amusement Device, where the players hit targets printed on overlays through light beam missiles by just adjusting knobs (Polsson , par 1). Later in 1952, a tic-tac-toe game, Noughts and Crosses, became the first known computer game which was created by A. S. Douglas (KCTS Television 1). It ran on the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC), a big Cambridge University computer. T his game enabled a person to play tic-tac-toe against a computer player. Six years later, Tennis for Two, an interactive game which uses an analog computer and an oscilloscope as a screen was created by American physicist Willy Higinbotham to entertain visitors of the Brookhaven National Laboratory (KCTS Television 2). A milestone was achieved in 1962 when Steve Russell created the Spacewar! which ran on a PDP-1 computer and uses a vector-graphics screen. The game consists of two small flying spaceships which are controlled by two players with joysticks and buttons (Polsson , par 4). The â€Å"Brown Box†, the first console that works on a standard television was created by German-born television engineer, Ralph Baer in 1967. This marked the birth of the first television ping-pong video game system (Polsson , par 9). Baer later applied for a patent for his invention. B. 1970s – The video game empire is born a. Home game console The 1970s was the start of the video game empire. It was in the year 1971 when Nolan Bushnell created Computer Space, the first coin arcade-style game and first commercial video game (Polsson , par 19). This game did not gain much popularity though, as that of the Magnavox Odyssey, which was the first home game console which contains 12 different games, including Ping-Pong (KCTS Television 6). This console was also the first to use a light gun for target shooting. Cards are inserted to select the games. The Odyssey however only used â€Å"simple black and white graphics enhanced by plastic overlays for the television screen† (Miller , par 4). In 1975, Atari sold a home version of Pong whose â€Å"unique feature is the single chip that produces both an on-screen score and the sound the game makes when the paddle hits the ball† (Time Inc. 3). In August of 1976, Fairchild Camera and Instrument introduced the first programmable home video game system (Miller , par 11). Moreover, it boasted of 16-color graphics and a variety of games as programmed by removable ROM cartridges. A year after, Atari launched the Atari 2600 which is the first multi-game home console which had cartridges that store game information (KCTS Television 9). It included the famous games Space Invaders, Breakout, Missile Command and Combat. It was during this decade that home computers were released in North America such as the Apple II, the TRS-80 and the Commodore PET, along with the famous Atari 400/800. b. Arcades Aside from home computers, arcade games rose in popularity because consumers could just

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Six Sigma Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Six Sigma - Term Paper Example In this respect, a manufacturer produces products that are of the same quality standards and which do not have defects that could lender them unusable and inefficient in performance of the intended services. Conclusively, Six Sigma enables manufacturers to produce products that are within a level of quality that is not extremely different from each other so long as they have a similar brand name. Introduction In the initial implementation of Six Sigma, the aspects that manufacturers considered were focused on the defects and products without defects. These manufacturers set some platform for measuring the standards according to outlined parameters. With Six Sigma, many manufacturers were able to establish parameters to moderate their production of commodities in the market so that the products were able to compare to the earlier produced having similar brand name. However, with time, some parameters that were related to time were developed to measure quality in the process of product ion so as to indicate the importance of efficiency. ... This means that efficiency in production is an aspect that is essential to measure the quality of production that could be experienced in any manufacturing company because it plays an essential role (Eckes, 2003, p53). Due to the numerous benefits associated with this management approach, its acceptance by various fields/organizations s been positive. This has been due to the fact that it effectively addressed problems experienced in the use of traditional management approaches. Other aspects of the Six Sigma included customer satisfaction, reduction in cost, increase in profit and reducing the pollution effects resulting from the use of a product. According to these values, people ensure that they improve the quality of production by ensuring that they are no issues/properties that cause defects while maintaining lowest levels of variability in manufacturing and business processes. This ensures that all people using the strategy are able to moderate the various things in the process of production so that they can ensure that they can sustain high quality or raise it, which would be beneficial to the company in terms of the sales level. The process uses some aspects of quality management to ensure that all the people are able to analyze the process of production so that it is acceptable in production. In this aspect, various things are put into consideration in the course of production to ensure that production has met some quality standards and are within some standards of production. On the other hand, according to the standards used in Six Sigma strategy, the producers are categorized in relation to their level of expertise on the production process (Schonberger, 2008, p.15). Aspects of Six Sigma In the

Monday, November 18, 2019

Information Technology-Use of Statistical Measures in Research Essay

Information Technology-Use of Statistical Measures in Research - Essay Example This paper studies the use of two of the most common statistical measures used in information technology research viz. measures of central tendencies and variability. Statistics enables the researcher in viewing the collected data in two ways. Descriptive statistics describes the shape of the data. Frequency and distribution are forms of descriptive statistics that help in this. Descriptive statistics uses measures such as mean, median, mode, correlation ,covariance etc.This data may be a sample or population data and we may have population mean compared to sample means etc. Inferential statistics attempts to fit a model to collected data and establishes causality .Inferential statistics also deals to develop predictive models which are based on causality analysis. In this paper mainly simple concepts of descriptive statistics are explored and inferential statistics is not touched upon. Statistical measures, not having real existence, simply support an argument or hypothesis and are just mental constructs. While statistics helps in summary organization of data, interpretation of the same, on its way to hypothesis, is the primary task of the resea rcher. Comparative cost of ownership analysis of Server Operating Systems was done with elaborate use of mean analysis and t test significance (Cahner, 1997). Mean and standard deviation model, multivariate model, Markov process model and time series model were used as part of statistical technique in developing Misuse Detection Systems (Christina, 1997).Statistical user profiles were used as part of multilayered security system (Steve, 1999).A combination of arithmetic mean, median and standard deviation gave sufficient support to help conclude on Survey results on Operating systems'(David, 1998). Discussion A basic primer of descriptive statistics is necessary not only for understanding such concepts but also for pointing to their specific use on research data. "The most frequently used average is the Mean, which is the balance point in a distribution. Its computation is simple - just add up the scores and divide by the number of scores.Formally mean is the value around which the deviations sum to zero.The formal definition also explains as to why informally one defines the mean as the balance point in a distribution. At mean value the positive and negative deviations balance each other out. A major drawback of the mean is that it moves in the direction of extreme scores. If in any two distributions most values are about same size however in one distribution one or two values are inordinately high then the mean of such a distribution would be pulled up greatly in comparison to the other distribution. This is a skewed distribution. For such skewed distributions, a different average, the Median, which is defined as the middle score is used. To get an approximate median, scores are put in order from low to high and count is made till middle score, which is set as median. The Mode is simply the score with highest frequency. The mode is sometimes used in informal

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Summary and Analysis of the Compton Effect

Summary and Analysis of the Compton Effect En = nhf (1) where En is the energy, n is a non-negative integer, h is Plancks constant, and f is the frequency of the photon.2 In 1905, Albert Einstein extended Plancks inference to include not only black body radiation but all electromagnetic waves! Therefore, Einstein hypothesized that light is quantized with energy proportional to its frequency.3 The obvious principle to be deduced from these discoveries is that light possessed attributes of waves and particles! In 1922, Arthur Holly Compton solidified Plancks assumption and therefore firmly established a new era of physics. Compton theorized and then experimentally demonstrated that electromagnetic waves had the properties of particles. Classically, x-rays would shake the electrons of a target material at the same frequency of the x-ray. Hence, the wavelength of radiation from the oscillating electrons would be identical to the wavelength of the incoming xrays. 1 However, it was observed that x-rays were more easily absorbed by materials than waves of longer wavelength. In other words, the scattered  x-rays were of longer wavelength.4 This was contrary to the predictions of classical physics. Compton realized though, that if the interaction was modeled as a collision between two particles (electron and photon), the scattered x-rays would-be of longer wave length (compared to the incident-rays) because the recoiling electron would acquire some of the energy and momentum of the  incoming x-ray.4 Since wavelength is inversely proportional to frequency, the frequency of the scattered x-rays was less. From eq. (1), it is seen  that the energy would also be decreased. When Compton carried out this experiment in 1922 using molybdenum as his target, he verified his theory and provided even more evidence that light also possessed a mass less particle nature Detailed Description of Compton Effect   the elastic scattering of electromagnetic radiation by free electrons, accompanied by an increase in wavelength; it is observed during scattering of radiation of short wavelength-X rays and gamma rays. The corpuscular properties of radiation were fully revealed for the first time in the Compton Effect. The Compton effect was discovered in 1922 by the American physicist A. Compton, who observed that X rays scattered in paraffin have a longer wavelength than the incident rays. Such a shift in wavelength could not be explained by classical theory. In fact, according to classical electrodynamics, under the influence of the periodic electric field of an electromagnetic (light) wave, an electron should oscillate with a frequency equal to that of the wave and consequently should radiate secondary (scattered) waves of the same frequency. Thus, in classical scattering (the theory of which was provided by the British physicist J. J. Thomson and is therefore called Thomson scattering) the wavelength of the light does not change. An elementary theory of the Compton effect based on quantum concepts was given by Compton and independently by P. Debye. According to quantum theory a light wave is a stream of light quanta, or photons. Each photon has a definite energy Ø ¹ =hv=hc/ÃŽÂ »and a definite momentum pÃŽÂ ³= (h/ÃŽÂ »)n, where ÃŽÂ » is the wavelength of the incident light (vis its frequency),cis the speed of light,his Plancks constant, and n is the unit vector in the direction of propagation of the wave (the subscript ÃŽÂ ³ denotes a photon). In quantum theory the Compton Effect appears as an elastic collision between two particles, the incident photon and the stationary electron. In every such collision event the laws of conservation of energy and momentum are obeyed. A photon that has collided with an electron transfers part of its energy and momentum to the electron and changes its direction of motion (it is scattered); the decrease in the photons energy signifies an increase in the wav elength of the scattered light. The electron, which previously had been stationary, receives energy and momentum from the photon and is set in motion (it experiences recoil). The direction of motion of the particles after the collision, as well as their energy, is determined by the laws of conservation of energy and momentum (Figure 1). Elastic collision of a photon and an electron in the Compton effect. Before the collision the electron was stationary:pÃŽÂ ³and pÃŽÂ ³are the momentum of the incident and scattered photons, pe=mvis the momentum of the recoil electron (vis its velocity),(is the photons scattering angle, and à ¸ is the angle of escape of the recoil electron relative to the direction of the incident photon. Simultaneous solution of the equations expressing the equality of the summed energies and momentums of the particles before and after the collision (assuming that the electron is stationary before the collision) gives Comptons formula for the shift in the wavelength of the light: =ÃŽÂ » à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »=ÃŽÂ »0(1 Ë- cos ÃŽÂ ¸) Here ÃŽÂ » is the wavelength of the scattered light, ÃŽÂ ¸ is the photons scattering angle, and ÃŽÂ »0=h/mc= 2.426 ÃÆ'- 10Ë-10cm = 0.024 angstrom (Ã…) is the Compton wavelength of the electron (mis the mass of the electron). It follows from Comptons formula that the shift in the wavelength does not depend on the wavelength ÃŽÂ » of the incident light itself. It is solely determined by the scattering angle ÃŽÂ ¸ of the photon and is maximal when ÃŽÂ ¸ = 180 °, that is, when scattering is straight back: max= 2ÃŽÂ »o. Expressions for the energy Ø ¹eof the recoil, or Compton, electron as a function of the angle à ¸ of its escape may be obtained from the same equations. The dependence of the energy Ø ¹ ÃŽÂ ³ of the scattered photon on the scattering angle ÃŽÂ ¸, as well as the dependence of Ø ¹eon à ¸, which is related to it, is shown in Figure 2. From the figure it is apparent that the recoil electrons always have a velocity component in the direction of motion of the incident photon (that is, à ¸ does not exceed 90 °). Experiment has confirmed all the above theoretical predictions. The correctness of the corpuscular concepts of the mechanism of the Compton effect-and thus the correctness of the basic assumptions of quantum theory-has been experimentally proved. In actual experiments on the scattering of photons by matter, the electrons are not free but are bound to atoms. If the energy of the photons is high in comparison with the binding energy of the electrons in the atom (X-ray and gamma-ray photons), then the electrons experience a recoil strong enough to expel them from the atom. In this case the photon scattering proceeds as if with free electrons. However, if the energy of the photon is not sufficient to tear the electron from the atom, then the photon exchanges energy and momentum with the entire atom. Since the mass of the atom is very great compared to the photons equivalent mass (which, according to the theory of relativity, equals  £y/c2), the recoil is virtually nonexistent; therefore, the photon Dependence of the energyØ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »of the scattered photon on the scattering angleÃŽÂ ¸(for convenience, only the upper half of the symmetrical curve is depicted) and the dependence of the energy Ø ¹eof the recoil electron on the angle of escape 0 (lower half of the curve). Quantities related to the same collision event are labeled with identical numbers. The vectors drawn from point 0, at which the collision between the proton with energy Ø ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ³ and the stationary electron occurred, to corresponding points on the curves depict the state of the particle after scattering: the magnitudes of the vectors give the energy of the particles, and the angles formed by the vectors with the direction of the incident photon define the scattering angle à ¸ and the angle 0 of the recoil electrons path. (The graph was plotted for the case of scattering of hard X rays with wavelengthhc/Ø ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ³= ÃŽÂ ³o= 0.024 Ã….)  is scattered without a change in its energy (t hat is, without a change in its wavelength, or coherently). In heavy atoms only the peripheral electrons are weakly bound (in contrast to the electrons filling the inner shells of the atom), and therefore the spectrum of the scattered radiation has both a shifted (Compton) line, from scattering by the peripheral electrons, and an un-shifted (coherent) line, from scattering by the entire atom. With increasing atomic number (nuclear charge) the electron binding energy increases, the relative intensity of the Compton line decreases, and that of the coherent line increases. The motion of the electrons in atoms leads to a broadening of the Compton lines in the scattered radiation. This occurs because the wavelength of the incident light appears to be slightly changed for moving electrons; in addition, the amount of change depends on the magnitude and direction of the electrons velocity (the Doppler effect). Careful measurements of the intensity distribution in a Compton line, which reflects the velocity distribution of the electrons in the material, has confirmed the correctness of quantum theory, according to which electrons obey Fermi-Dirac statistics. The simplified theory of the Compton Effect examined here does not permit the calculation of all characteristics of Compton scattering, particularly the intensity of photon scattering at various angles. A complete theory of the Compton Effect is provided by quantum electrodynamics. The intensity of Compton scattering depends on both the scattering angle and the wavelength of the incident radiation. Asymmetry is observed in the angular distribution of the scattered photons: more photons are scattered forward, and the asymmetry increases with increasing energy of the incident photons. The total intensity of Compton scattering decreases with an increase in the energy of the primary photons (Figure 3); this indicates that the probability of the Compton scattering of a photon passing through matter diminishes with decreasing energy. Such a dependence of intensity on  £y determines the place of Compton scattering among the other effects of interaction between matter and radiation that ar e responsible for loss of energy by photons in their passage through matter. For example, in lead the Compton effect makes the main contribution to the energy loss of photons at energies of the order of 1-10 mega electron volts, or MeV (in a lighter element, aluminum, this range is 0.1-30.0 MeV); below this region it is surpassed by the photoelectric effect, and above it by pair production. Compton scattering is used extensively in studying the gamma radiation of nuclei; it is also the basis of the principle of operation of some gamma spectrometers. The Compton effect is possible not only for electrons but also for other charged particles, such as protons; however, because of the protons large mass its recoil is noticeable only during the scattering of photons with very high energy. The double Compton effect consists of the formation of two scattered photons in place of a single incident photon during scattering by a free electron. The existence of this process follows from quantum electrodynamics; it was first observed in 1952. Its probability is approximately a hundred times less than that of the ordinary Compton effect. Graph showing the dependence of the total Compton scattering intensity Inverse Compton effect. If the electrons on which electromagnetic radiation is scattered are relativistic (that is, if they are moving with speeds close to the speed of light), then in an elastic collision the wavelength of the radiation will decrease: the energy and momentum of the photons will increase at the expense of the energy and momentum of the electrons. This phenomenon is called the inverse Compton effect and is often used to explain the radiation mechanism of cosmic X-ray sources, the production of the X-ray component of the background galactic radiation, and the transformation of plasma waves into high-frequency electromagnetic waves. Description of the phenomenon By the early 20th century, research into the interaction ofX-rayswith matter was well underway. It was known that when a beam of X-rays is directed at an atom, an electron is ejected and is scattered through an angleÃŽÂ ¸.Classical electromagnetismpredicts that the wavelength of scattered rays should be equal to the initial wavelength;-9-2[3]however, multiple experiments found that the wavelength of the scattered rays was greater than the initial wavelength. In 1923, Compton published a paper in thePhysical Reviewexplaining the phenomenon. Using the notion ofquantized radiationand the dynamics ofspecial relativity, Compton derived the relationship between the shift in wavelength and the scattering angle: Where ÃŽÂ »is the initial wavelength, ÃŽÂ »Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ²is the wavelength after scattering, his thePlanck constant, meis the mass of the electron, cis thespeed of light, and ÃŽÂ ¸is the scattering angle. The quantityhà ¢Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾mecis known as theCompton wavelengthof the electron; it is equal to2.43ÃÆ'-10à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢12m. The wavelength shiftÃŽÂ »Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ²Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »is at least zero (forÃŽÂ ¸= 0 °) and at most twice the Compton wavelength of the electron (forÃŽÂ ¸= 180 °). Compton found that some X-rays experienced no wavelength shift despite being scattered through large angles; in each of these cases the photon failed to eject an electron.Thus the magnitude of the shift is related not to the Compton wavelength of the electron, but to the Compton wavelength of the entire atom, which can be upwards of 10à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °000 times smaller. Compton Scattering the scattering of3.html#c4x-raysfrom electrons in a carbon target and found scattered x-rays with a longer wavelength than those incident upon the target. The shift of the wavelength increased with scattering angle according to the Compton formula: Compton explained and modeled the data by assuming a particle (photon) nature for light and applying conservation of energy and conservation of momentum to the collision between the photon and the electron. The scattered photon has lower energy and therefore a longer wavelength according to the2.html#c3Planck relationship. At a time (early 1920s) when the particle (photon) nature of light suggested by the1.html#c2photoelectric effectwas still being debated, the Compton experiment gave clear and independent evidence of particle-like behavior. Compton was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1927 for the discovery of the effect named after him. Compton Scattering Data Comptons original experiment made use of molybdenum K-alpha x-rays, which have a wavelength of 0.0709 nm. These were scattered from a block of carbon and observed at different angles with a2Bragg spectrometer. The spectrometer consists of a rotating framework with a calcite crystal to diffract the x-rays and an ionization chamber for detection of the x-rays. Since the spacing of the crystal planes in calcite is known, the angle of diffraction gives an accurate measure of the wavelength. Examination of the Compton scattering formula shows that the scattered wavelength depends upon the angle of scattering and also the mass of the scattered. For scattering from stationary electrons, the formula gives a wavelength of 0.0733 nm for scattering at 90 degrees. That is consistent with the right-hand peak in the illustration above. The peak which is near the original x-ray wavelength is considered to be scattering off inner electrons in the carbon atoms which are more tightly bound to the carbon nucleus. This causes the entire atom to recoil from the x-ray photon, and the larger effective scattering mass proportionally reduces the wavelength shift of the scattered photons. Putting the entire carbon nuclear mass into the scattering equation yields a wavelength shift almost 22,000 times smaller than that for an unbound electron, so those scattered photons are not seen to be shifted. The scattering of photons from charged particles is called Compton scattering after Arthur Compton who was the first to measure photon-electron scattering in 1922. When the incoming photon gives part of its energy to the electron, then the scattered photon has lower energy and according to the2.html#c3Planck relationshiphas lower frequency and longer wavelength. The wavelength change in such scattering depends only upon the angle of scattering for a given target particle. The constant in the Compton formula above can be written and is called the Compton wavelength for the electron. The formula presumes that the scattering occurs in the rest frame of the electron Compton scattering occurs when the incident x-ray photon is deflected from its original path by an interaction with an electron. The electron is ejected from its orbital position and the x-ray photon loses energy because of the interaction but continues to travel through the material along an altered path. Energy and momentum are conserved in this process. The energy shift depends on the angle of scattering and not on the nature of the scattering medium. Since the scattered x-ray photon has less energy, it has a longer wavelength and less penetrating than the incident photon. Compton Effect was first observed by Arthur Compton in 1923 and this discovery led to his award of the 1927 Nobel Prize in Physics. The discovery is important because it demonstrates that light cannot be explained purely as a wave phenomenon. Comptons work convinced the scientific community that light can behave as a stream of particles (photons) whose energy is proportional to the frequency. The change in wavelength of the scattered photon is given by: Where: L = wavelength of incident x-ray photon l = wavelength of scattered x-ray photon H = Plancks Constant: The fundamental constant equal to the ratio of the energy E of a quantum of energy to its frequency v: E=hv. me = the mass of an electron at rest C = the speed of light Q = The scattering angle of the scattered photon The applet below demonstrates Compton scattering as calculated with the Klein-Nishina formula, which provides an accurate prediction of the angular distribution of x-rays and gamma-rays that are incident upon a single electron. Before this formula was derived, the electron cross section had been classically derived by the British physicist and discoverer of the electron, J.J. Thomson. However, scattering experiments showed significant deviations from the results predicted by Thomsons model. The Klein-Nishina formula incorporates the Breit-Dirac recoil factor, R, also known as radiation pressure. The formula also corrects for relativistic quantum mechanics and takes into account the interaction of the spin and magnetic moment of the electron with electromagnetic radiation.Quantum mechanics isa system of mechanics based on quantum theory to provide a consistent explanation of both electromagnetic wave and atomic structure. The applet shows that when a photon of a given energy hits an atom, it is sometimes reflected in a different direction. At the same time, it loses energy to an electron that is ejected from the atom. Theta is the angle between the scattered photon direction and the path of the incident photon. Phi is the angle between the scattered electron direction and the path of the incident photon. Derivation of the scattering formula A photonÃŽÂ ³with wavelengthÃŽÂ »is directed at an electronein an atom, which is at rest. The collision causes the electron to recoil, and a new photonÃŽÂ ³Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ²with wavelengthÃŽÂ »Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ²emerges at angleÃŽÂ ¸. Leteà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ²denote the electron after the collision. From theconservation of energy, Compton postulated that photons carry momentum;-9-2[3]thus from theconservation of momentum, the momenta of the particles should be related by Assuming the initial momentum of the electron is zero. The photon energies are related to the frequencies by Wherehis thePlanck constant. From therelativistic energy-momentum relation, the electron energies are Along with the conservation of energy, these relations imply that Then From the conservation of momentum, Then by making use of thescalar product, Thus The relation between the frequency and the momentum of a photon ispc=hf, so Now equating 1 and 2, Then dividing both sides by 2hffà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ²mec, SincefÃŽÂ »=fà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ²ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ²=c, Detector characteristics Even large Compton-scatter telescopes have relatively small effective areas. This is because only a small number of the incident gamma-rays actually Compton scatter in the top level. So even if an instrument like COMPTEL has a geometric area of several thousand cm2, the effective area (weighted for the probability of an interaction) is a few tens of cm2. Energy resolution is fairly good for these detectors, typically 5-10% This is limited by uncertainties in the measurements of the energy deposited in each layer. Compton scatter telescopes have wide fields-of-view and can form imageseven though the so-called point spread function (the probability that an event came from a certain area on the sky) is a ring. Applications Compton scattering is of prime importance toradiobiology, as it is the most probable interaction of gamma rays and high energy X rays with atoms in living beings and is applied inradiation therapy.3[4] In material physics, Compton scattering can be used to probe thewave functionof the electrons in matter in the momentum representation. Compton scattering is an important effect ingamma spectroscopywhich gives rise to theCompton edge, as it is possible for the gamma rays to scatter out of the detectors used.Compton suppression is used to detect stray scatter gamma rays to counteract this effect. Inverse Compton scattering Inverse Compton scattering is important inastrophysics. InX-ray astronomy, theaccretion disksurrounding ablack holeis believed to produce a thermal spectrum. The lower energy photons produced from this spectrum are scattered to higher energies by relativistic electrons in the surroundingcorona. This is believed to cause the power law component in the X-ray spectra (0.2-10 keV) of accreting black holes. The effect is also observed when photons from thecosmic microwave backgroundmove through the hot gas surrounding agalaxy cluster. The CMB photons are scattered to higher energies by the electrons in this gas, resulting in theSunyaev-ZelHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunyaev-Zeldovich_effectHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunyaev-Zeldovich_effectdovich effect. Observations of the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect provide a nearly redshift-independent means of detecting galaxy clusters. Some synchrotron radiation facilities scatter laser light off the stored electron beam. This Compton backscattering produces high energy photons in the MeV to GeV rangesubsequently used for nuclear physics experiments. Future developments Current research on Compton telescopes is emphasizing ways of tracking the scattered electron. By measuring the direction of the scattered electron in the top level, a complete solution for the incoming trajectory of the cosmic gamma-ray can be found. This would allow Compton telescopes to have more conventional data analysis approaches since the event circle would no longer exist.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

The Wedding :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In â€Å"The Wedding,† by Dorothy West, the major development I saw was in the character of Shelby. From the beginning till the end, the character changes and deals with many changes. Throughout the novel Shelby knows what she wants, knows she never gave a black a chance, and then decides whom she will marry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At the beginning of the novel, Shelby is well focused and knows what she wants. She doesn’t care of what others think. Shelby stays focused on what going to take place and continues with the wedding. Many of her relative’s tries to talk her out of the marriage between her and the white-man, Meade. Although, she did have a little feeling for Lute.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Towards the middle of the novel, Shelby seems to feel a little confused and doesn’t really know what she wants. What people have been telling her seems to be sinking in. She begins to feel a little confused on what she really wants. Especially after the argument between her and her father, Clark. She expected him to support her, yet he also turns his back on her. At this time she feel confused and doesn’t know what to think or what to do. A talk with Liz, Shelby’s sister, convinces her to give a black a chance. Liz explains to Shelby on how she will have to live with her knowing she didn’t give a black a chance. It might come back to haunt her later.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Shelby decides to give the black a chance and decides see Lute. She feels good about seeing Lute, giving her a new sensation, a new feeling. Things seem to be okay and she is almost convinced of not marring Meade. Shelby gives Lute the idea she likes him and want to marry him. Right when Shelby is beginning to feel for Lute, he blows it when he decides to fight with his wife for a divorce. Shelby then is convinced of who she wants to marry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Toward the end of the novel, Shelby is convinced and decides whom she really wants to marry. She decides to stick with her original plans and marries Meade.

Monday, November 11, 2019

Kantian Ethics Essay

Kant’s thought induced in philosophy what he himself christened ‘a Copernican revolution’, central to which was his ethical theory. Previous ethical theories had attempted to ground ethics in metaphysical or theological conceptions of â€Å"the good† or to base morality on human happiness as the final goal. For Kant, not only were conceptions of â€Å"the good† inaccessible to human thought, but any definition of human happiness could not be established and therefore used as a moral foundation. Instead he turned his moral thought to human nature as based within practical reason, and the moral principle he names the categorical imperative. This he defines according to the mottos ‘Act only on that maxim which you can at the same time will to be a universal law’ (Kant, [1785] 1948, p. 421) as well as ‘treat humanity†¦never simply as a means, but always at the same time as an ends’ (Kant, [1785] 1948, p. 429). With respect to the former, for example, the act of telling a lie would not be considered morally appropriate insofar as the individual telling the lie would not be able to will that all individuals in similar situations act in the same way. In order to function properly, society must operate within a contract of trust in which persons are able to assume a relative amount of truth and trustworthiness in their fellow citizens; otherwise human communication would inevitably collapse and civil society would prove unsustainable. Central to the categorical imperative is Kant’s notion of autonomy. Autonomy is defined as the individual’s freedom from external influences in his or her dutiful choice of the morally right. This is contrasted to heteronomy, in which the individual desires to do what is good for other reasons than simply the good itself. The connection between these concepts and the categorical imperative is clear: the imperative provides a deontological framework in relation to which and through which an autonomous individual may act ethically. If the moral agent follows the imperative for its own sake (i. e. in order to do his or her duty) and not for external reasons, then he or she, per definition, is acting freely and autonomously. Although Kant offers an insightful framework for morality, the picture of ethics he paints with respect to duty and autonomy is unfortunately inadequate to describe the human experience of morality. In the Groundwork in the Metaphysics of Morals, duty is given such great privilege over other human faculties that it is possible to think that Kant sees value in little else: ‘an action done out of duty has its moral worth, not from any purpose it may subserve, but from the maxim according to which it is determined on; it depends not on the effecting any given end, but on the principle of volition singly’ (Kant, [1785] 1836, p. 9). Of course, duty plays a crucial role in any moral act. For example, I may refrain from telling a lie to my wife because I have a duty—grounded in our wedding vows—to be honest with her. However, duty becomes a problem in our relationship if it serves the sole or most important reason for moral action: if I only act ethically toward my wife because I feel the need to grin and bear my duty, then our relationship will likely lack life and that which would make it a thriving partnership. Ethics incorporates more than duty, such that I do not simply do my duty to my wife for duty’s sake alone, but I also act ethically out of love, joy or perhaps even spontaneity. To restrict ethical behaviors to such a strict deontology unfairly limits the manifold and complicated ways in which humans practice ethics and relate to others individuals in a human moral framework. References Kant, Immanuel (1948). Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals. (H. J. Paton, Trans. ). London: Hutchinson. (Original work published 1785, and published in a collection in 1903; page references to this edition). Kant, Immanuel (1836). The Metaphysics of Ethics. (John William Semple, Trans. ). Edinburgh: Thomas Clark. (Original work published 1785).

Friday, November 8, 2019

Free Movement of Persons Within the European Union essays

Free Movement of Persons Within the European Union essays Free movement of persons rights can be seen as a tiered level of packages rotating around the fundamental concept of the worker. Rights and obligations arise out of the basic need to ensure the free movement of one of the main factors of production in the community. Illustrate this statement with case law and an analysis of the main regulation in this field. In what areas does the link with the worker concept no longer need to be so strong? Freedom of movement for persons and the abolition of controls at internal frontiers forms part of a wider concept, that of the internal market, in which it is not possible for internal frontiers to exist or for individuals to be hampered in their movements. The concept of the free movement of persons has changed in meaning since its inception. The first provisions on the subject referred merely to the free movement of individuals considered as economic agents, either as employees or providers of services. The original economic concept has gradually widened to take on a more general meaning connected with the idea of Union citizenship, independent of any economic activity or distinctions of nationality. Article 2: The Union shall set itself the following objectives (...)to maintain and develop the Union as an area of freedom, security and justice, in which the free movement of persons is assured in conjunction with appropriate measures with respect to external border controls, asylum, immigration and the prevention and combating of crime, Article 14 ECT: Establishing the internal market including the free movement of persons. The internal market shall comprise an area without internal frontiers in which the free movement of goods, persons, services and capital is ensured in accordance with the provisions of this Treaty. Article 18 ECT: Union citizens have the right to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States. Every citizen of the Union shall h...

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

3 Reasons Quitting Might Be the Right Thing to Do

3 Reasons Quitting Might Be the Right Thing to Do The world is full of inspirational posters, coffee mugs, and bumper stickers telling us not to be quitters. But that kind of blanket dogma- black-and-white in a world of grey- can be hurtful on occasions when giving up might actually be the best idea. Here are three reasons why we think this advice doesn’t always have to be the final word. 1. It  can lead you to the path you really wantIt’s all well and good to say â€Å"winners never quit and quitters never win,† but what if you’ve devoted yourself to the wrong pursuit and quitting could lead you to a better one- where you could actually win and not just slog away forever because you’ve been told you’d be weak or lazy if you quit?If you’re on the wrong track, and you know it, sometimes quitting is the braver, nobler thing to do. And it just might be the only route to winning in the end. So have the courage to take stock of where you are and what you’re doing.2. Sometimes,   you’re just truly unhappyThere are a ton of cognitive biases that already predispose us against quitting. Like the sunk cost fallacy (â€Å"I’ve already spent so much on this hobby,† or â€Å"I’ve wasted so much of my life playing the tuba, so I can’t switch to building miniature boats†) or our bias towards the status quo (â€Å"I may have it rough now, but the unknown could be even worse†). Not to mention loss aversion and the need to hold on to whatever gains we’ve made at all costs. But none of these are good reasons to stick it out in bad relationships or careers. The last thing we need is some smarmy â€Å"Never give up† slogan making us feel even worse about our prospects.3. You  can set an example  and be an inspirationQuitting is considered weak, and quitters a failure. But we should buck this trend. Wouldn’t it be better to encourage people to be more mindful about what they do? And to check in from t ime to time to see whether they should still be doing it?Next time you notice someone spewing platitudes on Facebook about quitters or inspirational gifs about never giving up, take a moment to disagree. That advice can keep people from being their best selves, and can actually be harmful when wielded willy-nilly.

Monday, November 4, 2019

Client evaluation for Be Good To Go Research Paper

Client evaluation for Be Good To Go - Research Paper Example The company produces a nutritional health supplements that are geared towards helping people who travel to avoid constipation. Constipation among travelers is a common thing and many people who travel for relatively long distances using any means whether it is train, air, road or even water (ship) suffer from constipation upon reaching their destination (Westen 89). With the Be Good to Go products the traveler can travel safely knowing that they will reach to their destination and even further without having to fear about the issue of constipation. The products are capsules that people who are travelling can take. They come in pairs, one to be taken in the morning and the other in the evening after the parson has reached his or her destination. The mission of the firms is to make sure that people can travel contrary and without having to fear the age old problem of constipation. They achieved this by researching the issue and developing a product that when used properly will help the users to deal with the issue of traveler constipation. For Be Good to Go, it is almost hard to identify which industry or sector to place it. The first is that it not a public firm and scant information has been provided about the firm. However, given the nature of the products that the firm provides to its customers, it is only necessary to place it in the health and nutrition supplement industry. This industry has been regarded as the growth industry with regard to the fact that it is has a fast growing industry that will continue to grow at a very fast rate. The size of the Be Good to Go within this industry can be seen to be both big and small due t two main reasons. First, Be Good to Go has a unique sector in this industry, a sector which is a niche that not many firms have ventured into. In this regard, within this industry, Be Good to Go is a

Saturday, November 2, 2019

POL 102 POLICY PAPER Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

POL 102 POLICY PAPER - Essay Example The policy on Africa and all African related matters is a policy that has been indoctrinated in the modus operandi of many developed nations. This is because Africa is a strategically significant country to the western world. The well-endowed governments all over the world having realized this and have been actively engaged in Africa’s affairs (Bender 15). This includes the social, political, economic and to some extent the cultural affairs. Many African countries have been assisted by the developed nations to revive their leadership, boost their economies, and solve internal wrangles. This policy was created with honorable intentions. However, its misuse is particularly evident in many African states all over the world. The policy has been manipulated to act as a bargaining chip for the western nations (Bender 47). It is necessary for the government to intervene in African states without expecting them to give something back. This aid has plunged many African countries into more darkness. The policy should be used to assist the African continent and the many problems it encounters. It should not be used as a bargaining block. Many historical injustices in Africa would have been avoided had the national policy on African related matters been applied to those countries. It is likely that the government is bound to accept the strengthening of this policy. This is because nations are demanding accountability and transparency from the government when exercising the policy in African states (Bender 51). Bender, G. J., Coleman, J. S., and Sklar, R. L. African Crisis and the US Foreign Policy. California: University of California Press, 2008. Web.

Thursday, October 31, 2019

History (Lindeberg, David C. 2007. The Beginnings of Western Science Essay

History (Lindeberg, David C. 2007. The Beginnings of Western Science. 2nd Ed. University of Chicago Press - Essay Example (Ancient Greek Medicine, 2002) Romans had a strong relationship with Greece and the Greek medicines, especially the Hippocratic, were popular among Romans as well Hippocrates, the ancient Greek physician is considered as the father of medicine and still all the medical students in the world take the Hippocratic Oath as a matter of respect to this greatest contributor to the medical field. Hippocrates is believed to be the first one who rejected the idea of the involvement of supernatural as the cause of diseases. He was the one who was able to separate the medicine from religion. As per the ancient beliefs, diseases were considered as the curses of God. Hippocrates has proved that diseases were happened due to reasons other than the one taught by the religion and he considered medicine as a science rather than religion. The Hippocratic writings introduced patient confidentiality, a practice which is still in use today. â€Å"Hippocrates recommended that physicians record their findings and their medicinal methods, so that these records may be passed down and employed by other physicians. Other Hippocratic writings associated personality traits with the relative abundance of the four humours in the body: phlegm, yellow bile, black bile, and blood, and was a major influence on Galen and later on medieval medicine†(Hippocrates) ANATOMY is the study, classification, and description of structures and organs of the body. PHYSIOLOGY is the study and process of the function of the human. It is the study of the physical and chemical processes involved in the functioning of the living organisms and their component parts. (Karin & David) In the Hellenistic era the foundation of the city of Alexandria implied from the very beginning an intensive and very productive interaction between the Egyptian cultural heritage and the Greek

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Organisational Citizenship Behaviour and Counterproductive Work Behaviour Essay Example for Free

Organisational Citizenship Behaviour and Counterproductive Work Behaviour Essay Organisational behaviour is the study of human behaviour in the workplace, the interaction between people and the organisation, and organisation itself (Dubrin 2002, p. 2). In most of the organisational behaviour literature review, the following five types of behaviours are often highlighted- task performance, organisational citizenship, counterproductive work behaviours, joining and staying with the organisation and work attendance (McShane, Olekalns Travaglione, 2009). These individual-level dependent variables are present in most OB research which has a significant impact on the effectiveness of organisations. In my following essay, I will be highlighting on two of the above factors-mainly Organisational Citizenship Behaviour (OCB) and Counterproductive Work Behaviour (CWB). I will be discussing on how various authors agree that different personalities and positive affectivity levels contributes to the emergence of OCB and that how different authors view the stand of considering all OCB as voluntary acts based on own accord. In addition, I will also be discussing the issue in which a consensus has been reached by most authors that job dissatisfaction is one contributing factor of CWB and that CWB, being defined as harmful in nature, has been challenged by some authors to be a justifiable act. OCB Organisational Citizenship Behaviour (OCB) has been defined as individual behavior that is discretionary, not directly or explicitly recognized by the formal reward system, and that in the aggregate promotes the effective functioning of the organization (Organ, cited in Vigoda-Gadot, 2006, p. 3) or as individual behavior that promotes the goals of the organization by contributing to its social and psychological environment (Organ; Rotundo Sackett, cited in Vigoda-Gadot, 2006, p. 3). Personality and Positive Affectivity Personality refers to the enduring, inner characteristics of individuals that organise their behaviour (Derlega et al, cited in Rothmann Cooper, 2008, p. 24) and personality traits predict what a person will do as opposed to what he or she can do (Rothmann Cooper 2008, p. 24). As such, it is agreed that citizenship performance is well predicted by personality variables (Penner, Allen, Motowidlo, 2001; Hurtz Donovan, cited in Barrick Ryan 2003). It is also stated that differences in citizenship performance by the employees are clearly tied to the differences in their personalities and attitudes (Landy Conte 2004) and feelings about their work, also known as affects (Lee Allen 2002). I came across this survey done by (Bierhoff, Klein Kramp, ed. Murphy 1996) in which ‘first aiders’ who rushed to the aid of the accident victims almost immediately scored lower on a measure of egocentrism- the absorption with one self’s lives and family. They also scored higher on a measure of empathy in which they expressed a greater level of concern for others (ed. Murphy 1996). From the above results, I feel that various personality factors do influence the tendency of one to render help to others thereby performing citizenship performance which benefits the organisation as a whole. In addition to the above, I have learnt that the higher the level of positive affect, the higher the level of willingness to help is in individuals (ed. Murphy 1996). Besides the helping behaviour, I have also learnt that maintaining a positive mood in the course of our work may also inadvertently lead us to performing extra role behaviours (e.g.: protecting the organisation and developing oneself in terms of upgrading one’s skills to the benefit of the organisation) (George and Brief, cited in Lee Allen, 2002). To my surprise, I found that positive affect is not just influenced on a personal level but also due to external environmental factors. These include the differences in shades of lightings at our workplaces (Baron et al, cited in ed. Murphy 1996) and even presence of pleasant smelling artificial fragrances in our workplaces (Baron Bronfen 1994, cited in ed. Murphy 1996). Performed based on free will? Most of the recent studies and researches on OCB have pointed out that it is based on voluntary helping behaviours. However, (Vigoda-Gadot E 2006, p. 1 ) pointed out on focusing on the exploitative and abusive tendency of supervisors and managements to impose so-called ‘‘voluntary’’ or ‘‘extra-role† activities via compulsory mechanisms in the workplace, thereby refuting the conventional definition of OCB being performed based on ‘good will’ and free choice. In fact, some of these behaviours categorised under OCB may well be categorised under Compulsory Citizenship Behavior (CCB) (Vigoda-Gadot 2006, p. 1). By reviewing the Expectancy Theory (Griffin Ebert 2005, p. 246) in which people are motivated to work towards rewards that they want and that they believe they have a reasonable chance or expectancy of obtaining it in mind, I have actually agreed with the view that there is much possibility that OCB can also arise from other motives, some of them less voluntary or less self-initiated. Among these motivations are the abusive and exploitative behavior of immediate supervisors and the pressure by management or peers to become involved in activities in which the employee would otherwise not involve himself (Tepper, cited in Vigoda-Gadot 2006, p. 3). CWB Counterproductive Work Behaviours (CWB) is defined as voluntary behaviours that have the potential to directly or indirectly harm the organisation (McShane, Olekalns Travaglione T, 2009, p. 18). Job Dissatisfaction Job dissatisfaction is defined as a set of unfavourable feelings and emotions with which employees view their work (Newstrom Davis 1997, p. 255). It seems that authors have a consensus on job dissatisfaction contributing to the emergence and high levels of CWB. It is stated that dissatisfied employees may engage in psychological withdrawal (e.g.: daydreaming during job), physical withdrawal (eg: unauthorized absence, early departures, extended breaks, work slowdowns) or even overt acts of aggression and retaliation for presumed wrong. There are many factors influencing job dissatisfaction which includes organisational factors like pay and promotion opportunities and the working condition itself. Group factors like the role of supervisor and co-workers; personal factors like needs and aspiration and how are these met, and how individuals views he instrumental benefits of the job also contributes to job dissatisfaction( Rothmann Cooper 2008, p. 24). Though I am in agreement that job dissatisfaction is a strong contributor to the performance of CWB, I feel that CWB may also be induced by other factors like accumulated work stress leading to the emergence of violence which is one form of CWB. Similarly, theft cases in the company, which is another form of CWB, may just be a personal justification of the employees due to a perception of lost equity in the course of their work (Newstrom Davis 1997). Justifiable Act Various authors held on to their individual stands regarding the topic on CWB. In most of my readings, authors agreed that CWB are actually harmful acts towards either individuals or towards the organisation itself. However, (Fox 2002) had presented a different point of view discussing the view that CWB may could well be a justifiable act which is clearly challenging the most conventional definition of CWB which is being negative in nature. (Fox 2002, p. 2) expanded the definition of CWB to include unintentional harm, as long as the act itself is volitional- an act which is motivated by other reasons to cause harm. Hence with this expanded definition, it raises the possibility of constructive CWB. In their article, they have considered on 3 categories of arguments which are moral issues, role conflicts and productivity arguments. I personally feel strongly for the argument on role conflicts. Many of the withdrawal behaviours may be seen as counterproductive in the perspective of managers or even organisations. However, these behaviours shown may be required to be fulfilled by the employees in the perspectives of their family and even the community. Putting in simpler terms, employees may be expected by the society to perform these behaviours so as to be able to strike a work-life balance. Hence, I feel that CWB should not be seen as just a negative behaviour which is purely deviant from an organisation’s objectives as I strongly feel for the presence of positive CWB. Key Findings In this modern age, to adapt and survive in a workplace, other than equipping oneself with the generic skill of problem solving, it is also vital to place great importance on understanding fellow colleagues as this will lead to self knowledge and self insight (Dubrin 2002, p. 4). By understanding what motivates others to perform OCB through the study of organisational behaviour, it will also in turn allow employees to gain an understanding on what motivates them to have similar behaviours. Inadvertently, this may bring them to a greater level of job satisfaction which also leads to greater organisational effectiveness as a whole. In addition, studying organisational behaviours enhances a professional or manager’s effectiveness relating to their interpersonal skills. Hence, if solid interpersonal skills are added on to one’s professional or managerial knowledge, it will certainly be a bonus towards an organisation’s overall service and productivity. Hence, information about organisational behaviours is vital to be known to the employees in organisations. Reflection If I were given a chance to assume the role of manager in an organisation, the notion of having OCB being induced by compulsion as mentioned earlier on will certainly be omitted by me as I feel that though it is an important goal of managers everywhere to make employees aware of the benefits of OCB and ideally, encourage it, it is far more important to conduct it through a legitimate way and not by other means such as abusive or exploitative activities. In this way, I believe conventional OCB will indeed be truly promoted as the employees will be serving and going the extra mile for the organisation in the most genuine way as I agree with the view that a person who engages in OCB might receive appreciation and recognition that induce positive moods and there will be a greater likelihood of repeating the OCB (Miles et al, cited in Zirgham 2009, p. 85) which will greatly benefit the organisation. A discrepancy often exists among managers and employees about the definition of certain work tasks being â€Å"in-role† or â€Å"extra-role†. Each behaviour may be different for different people as every employee in an organization perceives job requirements differently (e.g.: for service sectors), helping others may be a routine, but some may see it as beyond their job scope. By acknowledging this in the position of an employee, I will be able to anticipate this possible occurrence of conflict between managers and employees and thus, expand the boundaries for the definition of my job scope. In this way, I believe that my chances of managerial exploitation and workplace abuse by supervisors to perform compulsive OCB will be reduced to the minimum. Conclusion OCB is a stable behaviour emerging in workplaces and it will always act as a value adding criterion in one’s performance. However, it will only act as a value adding criterion only when it is performed through the free choice of employees and not by coercion means and negative external pressures. Thus, we have to be aware and alert so as to preserve the original positive results of OCB being performed, leading to a more successful and healthy establishment of an organisation. CWB is always seen as a conduct having an adverse relationship with OCB. However, as the saying goes- there are always two sides to the same coin; we should probably broaden our perspectives in our view towards CWB and accept the notion that CWB may not be necessary all detrimental in nature.

Saturday, October 26, 2019

Ethical Issues Qualitative Research On Internet Communities Media Essay

Ethical Issues Qualitative Research On Internet Communities Media Essay Ethics are always considered in conducting social research. Ethic is a set of principles, moral duties and obligations that guides the conduct of people (American Correctional Health Services Association, 2010). For social research, ethical is to conform to the standards of conduct of a given profession or group (Babbie 2007, p62). Generally, there are four ethical principles should be concerned in conducting social research including no harm to participants, informed consent, voluntary participation, and privacy and confidential. Here, Qualitative research into internet communities has created new ethical issue of informed consent. Informed consent means that subjects must base their voluntary participation in research projects on a full understanding of the possible risks involved, (Babbie, p64). In fact, the research on internet communities has led to a violation of this principle. Internet communities such as discussion boards, mailing lists, chat rooms, or newsgroups, provide rich information about peoples opinion or daily experiences. It is useful for researchers to obtain relevant data, such as some patient self support communities sharing their personal experiences. Researchers can access to those communities for acquiring information and observation. However, it brings a problem that some internet communities members do not want to be the research subjects and being monitored. Researchers might be intruders and damage the communities. Here, members are not the voluntary participants. Then, informed co nsent here may not work. Besides, there is also harm to research subjects on the internet communities when researchers are interested in insight research. For example, some of the members on Breast Cancer Mailing List claim that they do not want to be observed. When researchers are gaining insight personal experience about the breast cancer patients, it can recall their negative memories which lead distress to them. And the second main ethical issue is that there is a risk of disclosing to the privacy and confidentiality of internet communities member. Privacy and confidential is about the researcher can identify a given persons responses but promises not to do so publicly (Babbie 2007, p65). Since internet contains many of powerful search engines such as Google, it can search anything a user wants. For example, when the authors search for the Dejanews archive to find comments of newsgroup participants responding to researchers requests, it can show many of related messages. Another issue on privacy and confidentiality is that there could be various pitfalls for researchers. Particularly researchers may unintentionally violate the privacy of some members due to the blur spaces of internet. For example, even if researchers remove any personal information about research subjects, they may also breach the participants confidentiality due to the power of search engines. Thus, privacy and confidential on internet community is difficult to achieved. Words: 482 The authors distinguish three different types of research into internet communities. Summarise them in your own words. (400 words) Generally, the three types of research methods may include the passive analysis, active analysis, and identifying themselves as such and gathering information in the form of using internet. First, the first type is the passive analysis which the researchers would not actively participate in the online study. However, they would focus on the studies of information patterns on websites, interactions on discussion groups through observation. They may analysis those studies about helping mechanisms, and content of online self help groups for some patients like colorectal cancer, breast cancer, Alzheimers disease, and eating disorders. Second is the active analysis which is the researchers would participant in such internet communications. That means researchers try to be a participant to communicate with others. For instance, researchers would determine whether the responses to healthcare questions on the Usenet accurate or not. And the third type is that researchers would identify themselves as and gather information by using different forms of online methods. They may include online semi structured interview, online focus groups, or internet based surveys or use the internet to recruit participant for traditional research. Therefore, it is a more diverse way for researchers to use. Words: 213 Research into Internet communities blur the boundaries between public and private space. Describe the issues identified in the article. (400 words) In the article, it stated there is a difficulty to dichotomize the boundaries between public and private space appropriately during the process obtaining an informed consent from research subjects. In fact, research into internet communities is quite different to the traditional research for obtaining informed consent. Traditionally, informed consent is required when the research is occurred in a private context where individuals are expected there is no observation or reporting is taking place. If it is a public space, the research about natural observation is acceptable without obtaining consent from those subjects. And it does not require Research Ethics Board to review when the research is about observation, as it can be expected participants are seeking public visibility. Therefore, it has more clear boundaries between public and private space. However, research into internet communities may blur such boundaries as people participate in online discussion groups cannot be assumed to be seeking public visibility. And there are various ways of defining public or private space from researchers and internet communities users. Here, some issues are identified which relate to how to perceive the level of privacy in internet communities. Firstly, it noted that most of the subscribers are likely to see the group as a private space in cyberspace when a subscription or some form of registration is required to access a discussion group. Therefore, when there is a registration in that internet community, it is a private space. Secondly, it is pointed out the numbers of (real or assumed) users of a community determines how a public is. The public space is perceived to be a posting to mailing lists with 10 subscribers here is different 100 or 1000 subscribers in mailing lists. However, the problem now is that it is impossible to determine the actual or assumed users when sending messages as some messages may store in web accessible archives. Therefore, using the number of determining the space is public or not may cause the blur of boundaries. Finally, the perception of privacy sometimes is depended on an individual groups norms and codes, target audience, and aim may lay down in the frequently asked questions or information files of internet communities. In this way, it is firstly not easy for researcher to distinguish whether it is a private or public space. More importantly, researchers cannot access to those individual groups as they have set some norms and policies which not allow them to observe those subjects even researchers interested in. For example, a self support group of sexual abuse survivors has a group policy not allow those who were not sexual abuse survivors participating in. On the whole, research into internet communities blurs the boundaries between public and private space where it is difficult to determine these two spaces appropriately. The article mainly identified some issues about the level of privacy or the types into internet communities are various. Words: 480 Using an example of an internet community familiar to you, how might informed consent be obtained to study that community and discuss any problems in the methods you suggest? (800 words) Internet communities provide conveniences and rich information for qualitative research. However, how informed consent might be obtained is a problem that researchers encounter. Here, an example of internet community will be used to show the method of obtaining informed consent. And also discuss the problem may rise. One of the internet communities I familiar to is the discussion board from Facebook. It can connect many of different self support groups. Particularly, an example of support group that I know is the SoulTalk which has established within Facebook. SoulTalk is a non-profit organization with website and discussion board in Facebook. It provides professional, personalized care, support and resources for women share with emotional or relationship crisis. In the discussion board, it is a private group which only opens for its members to share emotional and experiences. Moreover, there are professional counselors helping members to solve problems. There are about 20 members within this discussion board, which they share their experiences about emotional problems. For those who are not the members can only view the basic information and no sharing is allowed. For someone who wants to access this discussion board, they can request for join it but should be confirmed by the group administrator. At first, we should register to be a member of Facebook. And then we can be the member of that community. While the researchers want to study this community, they may firstly need to register to Facebook and then wait for the confirmation of this community. Since this discussion board is a private group, it can be expected that all the information and data from the members are confidential, and they are not seeking public visibility. Therefore, informed consent is required to study this online community. First, as suggested by McCleary (2007), getting permission to enter the group from the administrators is necessary when studying that community. Since they know that community better than researchers, therefore, it should be a better way to understand the group norms or standards from that community, and what would be the best way to obtain consent from members. To obtain the permission from the group organizer, the researchers should explain their purposive of the research, and what form of the members data would be analyzed, and how they ensure that there will be no harm to members. Then, when there is a need to analyze the research result by quoting or using the postings of members, it is important to send emails and ask retrospectively each member of informed consent. Informed consent should note the content of consent form should explain the purpose of the research, and provide a description of any reasonably risks or discomforts to the subjects (Frankel and Siang 1999). Also, it should state the extent of members confidentiality of records would be used and maintained. In this way, members may know more about the research and the possible risks to them, thus, it can give members the considerations whether to withdraw or not. For example, to explain the obtained of their data would only be used in report with anonymity. If members are still refused to participate in, there are also alternatives to them withdraw from the analysis of research. Therefore, the ethical principle of obtaining informed consent can be maintained. Moreover, there will be less intrusiv e in this way and avoid the artificial of the stories made by participants. Indeed, the methods bring some problems. First, the method of asking each member of consent is quite time consuming and unmanageable. As said by Eysenbach and Till (2001), the email address may not be valid and some of them would respond to you. Thus, it may cause some troubles where researchers do not know the email is valid or not. And it is quite difficult for researchers to receive all the consent forms and analyze the result. It generally would be a problem of obtaining informed consent. Also, there would be also a problem that it is possible the administrator does not allow to access the discussion group where the researchers are interested in studying that issue. Therefore, it brings disadvantage to researchers. Besides, even if the administrator allows researchers to enter the group, it does not mean that all of other members agree their information is disclosed. Although researchers may try to conform to the ethical principles to obtain members consent, some of the members indeed do not expect and want to be research subjects. They may perceive researchers as intruders as a result of damaging that community. For example, after the members knowing there are researcher lurking on the discussion board, they may decide to leave the community. Therefore, it is a possible problem that this method of informed consent brings out. On the whole, researcher can identify whether the discussion board as a private space from the example because it has stated that the board would open to non-members. So, it is clear for researchers to follow the ethical principles. However, it still brings problems that cannot be solved during the process of obtaining informed consent which the above have stated. More importantly, the deeper problem should be considered is there is no a consistent guideline to define the boundaries between public or private spaces. Therefore, it brings difficulty to researchers when conducting online research particularly the different level of measuring private spaces. Words: 885 Total words: 2060